Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s in the permian basin daniel xia. Reversible elimited safe injection temperature inorganic bases. The gas can be dispersed by wind movement or air currents. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is a colorless gas found naturally in some crude oils. For these reasons, flaring is becoming a less popular way of dealing with waste gases in petroleum products. This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum refineries. It is then either converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. The human nose can detect h 2s at concentrations below 100 parts per billion.
Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 7783064 8 mgm3740 mgm3, 6 ppm520 ppm. Iron sulfide scale in pipe posted in refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and gas. Today, the world petroleum refining industry produces more than 2500 products, including. Hydrogen sulfide also known as h 2 s, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp is a colorless gas known for its pungent rotten egg odor at low concentrations. Air monitoring applications petrochemical hydrogen sulfide. Energy and environmental profile of the us petroleum refining.
Hydrogen sulfide burns in oxygen with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide so 2 and water. It is heavier than air, toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, and is very dangerous when inhaled. It is produced in nature primarily through the decomposition of organic matter by bacteria. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a rottenegg odor. Other sources include the decomposition of organic materials such as lignosulfonates in drilling fluids. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. You may need a pdf reader to view some of the files on this page.
Hydrogen sulfide generation by reaction of natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. Highsulfur kerogens release hydrogen sulfide during decomposition, and this h2s stays trapped in the oil and. Air liquide manufactures hydrogen sulfide pure gas to be used in a variety of applications, including chemical synthesis, and is available with up to 99. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using the agtitrode. Josop 500 hydrogen sulfide program and procedure 4 than air and collects in lowlying, enclosed and poorly ventilated areas such as basements, manholes, underground telephone vaults, and confined spaces. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312. Introduction h2s hydrogen sulfide exposure is one of the leading causes of workrelated deaths in the petroleum industry. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Hazard identification crude oil sour is extremely flammable and can cause eye, skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory irritation. S is a colorless gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs. Industrial gas producers are wellsuited to deliver a consistent supply of hydrogen to petroleum refineries using a combination of smr production and byproduct hydrogen from nearby chemical plants.
Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in underground petroleum reserves. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally by decaying organic matter and is released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, sulfur hot springs, and natural gas. Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. Adherence to the requirements of this method will enhance the.
In a heating and cooling cycle, hydrogen sulfide recovered from fossil products is combusted to form water and elemental sulfur. Mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide in crude oil as per astm. The organic sulfur and nitrogen are converted to hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. Exposure to hydrogen sulfide may cause irritation to the eyes and respiratory system. While the molecules in crude oil include different atoms such as sulfur and nitrogen, the hydrocarbons are the. Determination of hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur in natural. Hydrogen sulfide is a relatively common, frequently lethal, and unique occupational hazard for which research since 1990 has uncovered many anomalies and subtleties and a previously unsuspected. Hydrogen sulfide is used as a component in various balance gases and available as a scott brand gas mixture primarily used in environmental monitoring applications. Hydrogen sulfide 7783064 final level of odor awareness 0. In petroleum refineries, the hydrogen sulfide gas is then subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. In general, hydrogen sulfide acts as a reducing agent, especially in the presence of base, which forms sh. Inhalation may cause dizziness, nausea, or headache. Application note 23402 hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gas.
Determination of hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur in natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide generation by reaction of natural gas, sulfur, and steam crane, s. Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases. Fundamentals of petroleum refining 1st edition elsevier. At high concentrations h2s may overcome ones sense of smell.
When exposed to moist air, na 2 s and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. It is a constituent of natural gas, petroleum, sulfur deposits, volcanic gases and sulfur springs. Hydrogen sulfide gas also can result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries and petroleum refineries. Hydrogen sulfide may be emitted or released during exploration, development, extraction, treatment and storage, transportation and refining of petroleum products usepa 1993. The potential for exposure stretches across most operations in the oil industry, including. More serious health effects can occur if crude oil is inhaled or swallowed. Purchase fundamentals of petroleum refining 1st edition. At high concentrations h2s may overcome ones sense of. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump.
It is a byproduct of many industrial processes including petroleum refining, tanning, mining, woodpulp processing, rayon manufacturing, sugarbeet processing, and hotasphalt paving. Mack and others, industrial energy use data book, oak. The largest industrial cause of h2s is through petroleum refineries as the hydroesulfiruization process liberates sulfur from petroleum. Consequently, refineries must have the capability to remove sulfur from crude oil and refinery streams to the extent needed to mitigate these. Although extensive efforts have been made to decrease the sulfur contents of diesel oil, the regulation on the fuel quality is going to be tightened faster than expected. Good morning all, i have to inspect a short length of 32 diameter steel pipe which is encast into a wall. Iron sulfide scale in pipe refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and. Environmental, health and safety guidelines for petroleum refining pdf. Adsorption process of sulfur removal from diesel oil using. Additional characteristics are provided in appendix i in this program. In addition, industrial gas producers are able to take advantage of an expanding network of hydrogen gas pipelines, especially in the u. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boilingpoint ranges called fractions or cuts.
Hydrogen sulfide is colorless, flammable gas under normal conditions. The claus process is used to produce the majority of sulfur available today. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by.
Some people can smell hydrogen sulfide at very low levels, as low as 0. It is commonly known as hydrosulfuric acid, stink damp and sewer gas. Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases by joseph e. This is th suction pipe for a raw sewage pumping station. Both are colorless watersoluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. It is formed when removing sulfur compounds from petroleum products. A fire is composed of heat and light, both visible and invisible. Some test methods are designed to provide approximate results while others are design to provide a greater degree of precision. Model f120 triplemode uvir flame detector posted on november 12, 2015 by safetysys. Hydrogen sulfide is used or produced in a number of industries, such as. Hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gas refinery fuel gas refinery fuel gas rfg is composed of a mixture of hydrogen and c1 to c5 hydrocarbons recovered from different unit operations within a refinery for use as a fuel source in fired heaters and boilers.
Fundamentals of analytical chemistry 9th edition edit edition. Canadian crude oil producers and industry know the h 2. Refining operations petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. Epa toxic release inventory for the petroleum refining industry. Rodney midgett quality assurance branch environmental monitoring and support laboratory research triangle park, north carolina 27711 environmental monitoring and support laboratory office of research and development u. American petroleum institute 1987 basic petroleum data book, petroleum industry statistics, vol. More economical sulfur removal for fuel processing plants. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from geothermic sources such as volcanoes, hot springs, and underwater thermal events. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products. Release inventory data book, reported releases dropped by 42. Hydrogen sulfide scavengers inorganic neutralizers eadvantages efast reaction, cheap euse alone or in combination ethermally stable products nahs edisadvantages enonselective for h 2s ash forming eincreases fuel na content. Hydrogen sulfide from petroleum refining and fossil fuels is converted to pure sulfur by the claus process.
At low concentrations it has an obnoxious odor similar to rotten eggs. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with. Hydrogen sulfide is a powerful and deadly gas which smells like rotten eggs at low concentrations and has a sweet smell at high concentrations. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas and has a strong odor of rotten eggs hsdb, 1998. And during the combustion process, smoke may be generated. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. Small amount of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum. Introduction, products, refinery s configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Its presence in some oils is a known fact in the oil industry. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources. National organic standards board livestock subcommittee. Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping.
In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2010 was byproduct sulfur from. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide occupational. Hydrogen sulfide sulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. Oxidation of petroleum sulfides recovered with spent sulfuric. Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in certain polar organic solvents, notably methanol, acetone, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, tributyl phosphate, various glycols, and glycol ethers hsdb, 1998.
Environmental, health, and safety guidelines for petroleum refining. Hydrogen sulfide results aegl program acute exposure. Hydrogen sulfide measurement requirements hydrogen sulfide h 2s is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentrations. Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula na 2 s, or more commonly its hydrate na 2 s9h 2 o. Hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring component of crude oil and natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide aegl technical support document pdf 70 pp, 493 k contact us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. But workers should not rely on the smell as a warning.
Petroleum oil and natural gas are the products of thermal conversion of decayed organic matter called kerogen that is trapped in sedimentary rocks. Mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide in crude oil as per astm d3227 and uop163 1222016 in the refining process of crude oil, sulfur compounds are present throughout the entire boiling range of the hydrocarbons. In natural gas, sulfur is present mainly as hydrogen sulfide gas h. S, while in crude oil it is present in sulfurcontaining organic compounds which are converted into hydrocarbons and h. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. However, when hydrogen sulphide is burned, another toxic gas, sulphur dioxide, is produced.
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